Survival - Wilderness Shelter Types, Zachomikowane, Survival i zdrowie
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AAA Wilderness Survival: How to Build a Shelter
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TYPES OF SHELTERS
When looking for a shelter site, keep in mind the type of shelter (protection) you
need. However, you must also consider--
How much time and effort you need to build the shelter.
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If the shelter will adequately protect you from the elements (sun, wind, rain,
snow).
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If you have the tools to build it. If not, can you make improvised tools?
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If you have the type and amount of materials needed to build it.
To answer these questions, you need to know how to make various types of shelters
and what materials you need to make them.
Poncho Lean-To
It takes only a short time and minimal equipment to build this lean-to. You need a
poncho, 2 to 3 meters of rope or parachute suspension line, three stakes about 30
centimeters long, and two trees or two poles 2 to 3 meters apart. Before selecting the
trees you will use or the location of your poles, check the wind direction. Ensure
that the back of your lean-to will be into the wind.
To make the lean-to--
Tie off the hood of the poncho. Pull the drawstring tight, roll the hood
longways, fold it into thirds, and tie it off with the drawstring.
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Cut the rope in half. On one long side of the poncho, tie half of the rope to the
corner grommet. Tie the other half to the other corner grommet.
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Attach a drip stick (about a 10-centimeter stick) to each rope about 2.5
centimeters from the grommet. These drip sticks will keep rainwater from
running down the ropes into the lean-to. Tying strings (about 10 centimeters
long) to each grommet along the poncho's top edge will allow the water to run
to and down the line without dripping into the shelter.
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Tie the ropes about waist high on the trees (uprights). Use a round turn and
two half hitches with a quick-release knot.
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Spread the poncho and anchor it to the ground, putting sharpened sticks
through the grommets and into the ground.
If you plan to use the lean-to for more than one night, or you expect rain, make a
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 AAA Wilderness Survival: How to Build a Shelter
center support for the lean-to. Make this support with a line. Attach one end of the
line to the poncho hood and the other end to an overhanging branch. Make sure
there is no slack in the line.
Another method is to place a stick upright under the center of the lean-to. This
method, however, will restrict your space and movements in the shelter.
For additional protection from wind and rain, place some brush, your rucksack, or
other equipment at the sides of the lean-to.
To reduce heat loss to the ground, place some type of insulating material, such as
leaves or pine needles, inside your lean-to.
Note: When at rest, you lose as much as 80 percent of your body heat
to the ground.
To increase your security from enemy observation, lower the lean-to's silhouette by
making two changes. First, secure the support lines to the trees at knee height (not at
waist height) using two knee-high sticks in the two center grommets (sides of
lean-to). Second, angle the poncho to the ground, securing it with sharpened sticks,
as above.
Poncho Tent
This tent provides a low silhouette. It also protects you from the elements on two
sides. It has, however, less usable space and observation area than a lean-to,
decreasing your reaction time to enemy detection. To make this tent, you need a
poncho, two 1.5- to 2.5-meter ropes, six sharpened sticks about 30 centimeters long,
and two trees 2 to 3 meters apart.
To make the tent--
Tie off the poncho hood in the same way as the poncho lean-to.
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Tie a 1.5- to 2.5-meter rope to the center grommet on each side of the poncho.
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Tie the other ends of these ropes at about knee height to two trees 2 to 3
meters apart and stretch the poncho tight.
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Draw one side of the poncho tight and secure it to the ground pushing
sharpened sticks through the grommets.
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Follow the same procedure on the other side.
If you need a center support, use the same methods as for the poncho lean-to.
Another center support is an A-frame set outside but over the center of the tent. Use
two 90- to 120-centimeter-long sticks, one with a forked end, to form the A-frame.
Tie the hood's drawstring to the A-frame to support the center of the tent.
Three-Pole Parachute Tepee
If you have a parachute and three poles and the tactical situation allows, make a
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 AAA Wilderness Survival: How to Build a Shelter
parachute tepee. It is easy and takes very little time to make this tepee. It provides
protection from the elements and can act as a signaling device by enhancing a small
amount of light from a fire or candle. It is large enough to hold several people and
their equipment and to allow sleeping, cooking, and storing firewood.
You can make this tepee using parts of or a whole personnel main or reserve
parachute canopy. If using a standard personnel parachute, you need three poles 3.5
to 4.5 meters long and about 5 centimeters in diameter.
To make this tepee--
Lay the poles on the ground and lash them together at one end.
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Stand the framework up and spread the poles to form a tripod.
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For more support, place additional poles against the tripod. Five or six
additional poles work best, but do not lash them to the tripod.
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Determine the wind direction and locate the entrance 90 degrees or more from
the mean wind direction.
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Lay out the parachute on the "backside" of the tripod and locate the bridle
loop (nylon web loop) at the top (apex) of the canopy.
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Place the bridle loop over the top of a free-standing pole. Then place the pole
back up against the tripod so that the canopy's apex is at the same height as
the lashing on the three poles.
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Wrap the canopy around one side of the tripod. The canopy should be of
double thickness, as you are wrapping an entire parachute. You need only
wrap half of the tripod, as the remainder of the canopy will encircle the tripod
in the opposite direction.
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Construct the entrance by wrapping the folded edges of the canopy around
two free-standing poles. You can then place the poles side by side to close the
tepee's entrance.
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Place all extra canopy underneath the tepee poles and inside to create a floor
for the shelter.
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Leave a 30- to 50-centimeter opening at the top for ventilation if you intend to
have a fire inside the tepee.
One-Pole Parachute Tepee
You need a 14-gore section (normally) of canopy, stakes, a stout center pole, and
inner core and needle to construct this tepee. You cut the suspension lines except for
40- to 45-centimeter lengths at the canopy's lower lateral band.
To make this tepee--
Select a shelter site and scribe a circle about 4 meters in diameter on the
ground.
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Stake the parachute material to the ground using the lines remaining at the
lower lateral band.
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 AAA Wilderness Survival: How to Build a Shelter
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After deciding where to place the shelter door, emplace a stake and tie the
first line (from the lower lateral band) securely to it.
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Stretch the parachute material taut to the next line, emplace a stake on the
scribed line, and tie the line to it.
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Continue the staking process until you have tied all the lines.
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Loosely attach the top of the parachute material to the center pole with a
suspension line you previously cut and, through trial and error, determine the
point at which the parachute material will be pulled tight once the center pole
is upright.
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Then securely attach the material to the pole.
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Using a suspension line (or inner core), sew the end gores together leaving 1
or 1.2 meters for a door.
No-Pole Parachute Tepee
You use the same materials, except for the center pole, as for the one-pole parachute
tepee.
To make this tepee--
Tie a line to the top of parachute material with a previously cut suspension
line.
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Throw the line over a tree limb, and tie it to the tree trunk.
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Starting at the opposite side from the door, emplace a stake on the scribed
3.5- to 4.3-meter circle.
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Tie the first line on the lower lateral band.
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Continue emplacing the stakes and tying the lines to them.
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After staking down the material, unfasten the line tied to the tree trunk,
tighten the tepee material by pulling on this line, and tie it securely to the tree
trunk.
One-Man Shelter
A one-man shelter you can easily make using a parachute requires a tree and three
poles. One pole should be about 4.5 meters long and the other two about 3 meters
long.
To make this shelter--
Secure the 4.5-meter pole to the tree at about waist height.
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Lay the two 3-meter poles on the ground on either side of and in the same
direction as the 4.5-meter pole.
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Lay the folded canopy over the 4.5 meter pole so that about the same amount
of material hangs on both sides.
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Tuck the excess material under the 3-meter poles, and spread it on the ground
inside to serve as a floor.
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 AAA Wilderness Survival: How to Build a Shelter
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Stake down or put a spreader between the two 3-meter poles at the shelter's
entrance so they will not slide inward.
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Use any excess material to cover the entrance.
The parachute cloth makes this shelter wind resistant, and the shelter is small
enough that it is easily warmed. A candle, used carefully, can keep the inside
temperature comfortable. This shelter is unsatisfactory, however, when snow is
falling as even a light snowfall will cave it in.
Parachute Hammock
You can make a hammock using 6 to 8 gores of parachute canopy and two trees
about 4.5 meters apart.
Field-Expedient Lean-To
If you are in a wooded area and have enough natural materials, you can make a
field-expedient lean-to without the aid of tools or with only a knife. It takes longer
to make this type of shelter than it does to make other types, but it will protect you
from the elements.
You will need two trees (or upright poles) about 2 meters apart; one pole about 2
meters long and 2.5 centimeters in diameter; five to eight poles about 3 meters long
and 2.5 centimeters in diameter for beams; cord or vines for securing the horizontal
support to the trees; and other poles, saplings, or vines to crisscross the beams.
To make this lean-to--
Tie the 2-meter pole to the two trees at waist to chest height. This is the
horizontal support. If a standing tree is not available, construct a biped using
Y-shaped sticks or two tripods.
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Place one end of the beams (3-meter poles) on one side of the horizontal
support. As with all lean-to type shelters, be sure to place the lean-to's
backside into the wind.
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Crisscross saplings or vines on the beams.
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Cover the framework with brush, leaves, pine needles, or grass, starting at the
bottom and working your way up like shingling.
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Place straw, leaves, pine needles, or grass inside the shelter for bedding.
In cold weather, add to your lean-to's comfort by building a fire reflector wall. Drive
four 1.5-meter-long stakes into the ground to support the wall. Stack green logs on
top of one another between the support stakes. Form two rows of stacked logs to
create an inner space within the wall that you can fill with dirt. This action not only
strengthens the wall but makes it more heat reflective. Bind the top of the support
stakes so that the green logs and dirt will stay in place.
With just a little more effort you can have a drying rack. Cut a few
2-centimeter-diameter poles (length depends on the distance between the lean-to's
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