Sailing - Introductory Handbook For Sailing Boats, Żeglarstwo, Podręczniki
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1
Introductory Handbook
SAILING BASICS ............................................................ 2
Directions ........................................................... 2
Heading Up and Falling Off............................................. 2
Coming About and Jibing ............................................... 2
Port and Starboard Tacks ............................................... 3
Right of Way Rules ................................................... 3
Collision Courses ..................................................... 3
Sail Trim ............................................................ 4
for
Sailing Boats
SAILING THE LIDO .......................................................... 5
Leaving the Dock ..................................................... 5
Coming About ....................................................... 6
Heaving To .......................................................... 6
Jibing .............................................................. 7
Circles Around a Buoy ................................................ 8
Steering While Drifting Backwards ....................................... 8
Man Overboard Drill .................................................. 9
Avoiding Capsizes, Righting After a Capsize ............................... 9
Anchoring .......................................................... 10
Docking ........................................................... 11
In Case of Grounding ................................................. 11
Equipment Failure ................................................... 11
at the
CAL SAILING CLUB
June 11, 2002
KNOTS FOR RIGGING LIDOS ................................................ 12
Bowline............................................................ 12
Triple Half Hitch in a Bight ............................................ 12
Cleat Hitch ......................................................... 13
Figure Eight Knot .................................................... 13
Reef Knot .......................................................... 13
Slip Knot for Attaching Halyards ........................................ 14
HOW TO RIG A LIDO ....................................................... 15
Using the Hoist ...................................................... 16
Centerboard Controls ................................................. 16
Boom Topping Lift ................................................... 16
Rudder, Tiller and Paddle.............................................. 17
Sails .............................................................. 18
Reefing ............................................................ 18
Taking Over A Pre-Rigged Boat ........................................ 19
Derigging .......................................................... 19
Folding Sails ........................................................ 20
KEY CSC RULES FOR JUNIOR SKIPPERS ..................................... 21
SAILING DICTIONARY ..................................................... 22
INTRODUCTION
SAILING BASICS
There's no substitute for actual sailing if you want to learn to sail. This book is only
intended as a technical reference, to reinforce sailing lessons with information on:
Directions
A sailboat's
course
is the direction it is
heading.
Wind
Windward
- basic sailing terminology and concepts (see dictionary on the last two pages)
- maneuvers taught in the Lido lessons,
- knots and details of how to rig the Lidos
The skipper usually sits on the windward
(upwind) side of the boat, and the sails are
on the leeward (downwind, pronounced
lew' ard) side.
Ahead
Aft
You also should read the Operating Rules Handbook to learn about the sailing area
boundaries, Novice and Junior Skipper ratings, and other regulations that you are
required to know. These are included on the written portion of the Junior Skipper
test.
Leeward
The
wind direction
is named for its
source. A west wind comes from the west.
For Beginners
If you're new to sailing, relax--you're in good company. Most new members of the Cal
Sailing Club do not know how to sail when they join. Put this book down until later,
and go sailing.
Heading Up and Falling Off
Heading up means turning toward the wind, so the
boat is pointed more toward the direction the wind
is coming from.
Wind
Falling off, the opposite of heading up, means
turning away from the wind.
Heading Up
Falling Off
Safety First
While sailing is less dangerous than other outdoor sports, there are certain risks you
should guard against.
Coming About and Jibing
Coming about and jibing are the two ways of
turning a sailboat so that the sails switch from
one side to the other.
Always wear a lifejacket when out on a boat (that's a club rule), and practice floating
in it if you're not comfortable with going in the water. Watch out for the boom, and
don't stand up in the boat unless you're absolutely sure it's safe to do so.
Wind
If there's wind, sailing can be wet and cold. A wet suit is ideal, but if you don’t have
one, dress in warm clothing, with a waterproof outer layer. Wear windsurfer booties
or shoes that won't slip on wet plastic. Be alert for hypothermia, first signalled by
uncontrollable shivering, that can slow your reactions and distort your judgement.
Coming about (also called tacking) means
heading up, briefly pointing
toward
the wind
during the turn, and falling off until the boat is
sailing again. The sails will flap their way
across the boat as it turns.
Come About
Jibe
Sunburn can lead to skin cancer. Wear a hat and sunscreen.
If your equipment fails and you can’t sail back to the dock, anchor and signal for a
rescue. The distress signal consists of waving your arms up and down at your sides.
When the rescue skiff arrives, follow the dayleader's instructions.
Jibing means falling off, pointing
away
from
the wind, and causing the sail to be flipped across the boat. The safest way to jibe is
to pull the sail across to the middle while pointing directly away from the wind, then
let it out to the other side.
1
2
Wind
Points of Sail
Wind
Points of sail are names for the angle
between a sailboat and the wind.
In irons
means the boat is pointed directly
into the wind (an angle of 0 degrees).
Beam Reach
Close hauled
means the boat is pointed at
about 45 degrees to the wind.
Boats on
Port Tack
Boats on
Starboard Tack
The fastest way to get directly upwind is to
sail closehauled, coming about in 90 degree
turns to switch direction.
Zigzagging upwind in
this manner is called
beating
, possibly
because of the wind and
spray suffered by the crew in
heavy weather
(high winds and
waves).
Port and Starboard Tacks
Port and starboard tacks, critical to right of way rules, refer to
which side the
mainsail is on
. The port side of the boat is the left one when you are facing forward,
and starboard the right. On a port tack, the wind is coming from the port side or from
behind the boat (unless you're by the lee) and the mainsail is on the starboard side.
Wind
45 degrees
90 degrees
Beating
Right of Way Rules
The government right of way rules apply between windsurfers as well as sailboats
when there are no docks, rocks, or other obstructions to hamper maneuvering. In
order of priority, the rules are:
A
close reach
is any upwind course at an angle between about 45 and 90 degrees. A
beam reach
is when the wind direction is at about 90 degrees to the boat's direction
of travel.
1) When one boat (or windsurfer) is overtaking another, the
slower
one has right of
way.
A
broad reach
is more than 90 degrees and less than about 135 (=90+45) degrees.
A
run
is when the wind is behind the boat. A
dead run
is sailing straight downwind.
2) When the two boats are on different tacks; the one on
starboard
tack has right of
way.
By the lee
is when the wind is coming from the same side of the boat that the sail is
on. Sailing by the lee can be dangerous, since if the boat turns farther or if the wind
shifts direction, the boat will accidentally jibe when the wind catches the back side of
the sail.
3) If both boats are on the same tack, the
leeward
(downwind) boat has right of way.
If you have right of way, hold your course and signal the other boat. If they don't
respond, change your course to avoid the collision.
Sail Trim
The power from sails
depends on the angle
between the wind and the
sail. Sail trim is the
adjustment of that angle.
Wind
Collision Courses
Check frequently for other boats or windsurfers coming your way, and always do so
before coming about, jibing, or turning suddenly. A boat or windsurfer coming at you
is on a
collision course
if it appears to stay in a fixed position relative to an object or
landmark on the horizon.
0
E
<30
E
~30
E
>30
E
To go upwind or across the
wind, a boat must get lift
from its sails. Sails develop
Completel
y
Partiall
y
Maximum
Lift
Stalled
Luffing
Luffing
3
4
the most lift at an angle of about 30 degrees to the wind blowing across the boat
*
. To
go downwind, the wind pushes the sails, and they develop maximum power when let
out all the way.
(getting stuck in the mud) and equipment failures on the water.
Leaving the Dock
Before leaving the dock, check the boat over carefully (all hull drain plugs in place?
everyone's lifejacket on?) and
make sure the mainsheet is not caught around the
rudder
. If it's caught, take off the rudder to free the mainsheet.
When a sail is not pulled in at an angle to the wind, it flaps in the wind like a flag. In
sailing terminology, it is
completely
luffing
.
As the sail is pulled in, it becomes
partly luffing
: the back part takes on a curved
shape, while the front part (near the mast or forestay) continues to flutter or retain a
bubble-like indentation.
Before casting off, check for boats or windsurfers approaching the dock.
Coming About
To come about, you
gently
push the
tiller into the sail
,
and the boat heads up from the old tack and then falls
off onto the new tack as it continues to turn.
Wind
At an angle of about 30 degrees to the wind direction across the boat, the sail is
full
and develops
maximum lift.
At angles greater than 30 degrees, the sail is
stalled.
The wind pushes on the sail, but does not create much lift.
Fall Off on
New Tack
Both steering and the
sheets
(lines to adjust the sail's position) affect sail trim. If a
sail is luffing, it can usually be filled by either pulling in its sheet or falling off. If it's
stalled, either let out the sheet or head up slightly until it starts to luff, then pull it in
or fall off until it's full.
You should
cross from one side to the other as the
boom comes across,
so your weight is ready to balance
the boat on the new tack. To avoid a capsize,
uncleat
the mainsheet
as soon as the sail luffs. You'll have
more room to get across if you
lift the tiller up.
Cross Over as
Sail Flaps Across
Head Up
To get the most force out of a sail when on a close haul, close reach, or beam reach,
pull it in (or fall off) until it just stops luffing. On a broad reach or run, let out the sail
as far as it will go.
You can cross either
facing backwards or facing
forwards
. In either case, you will be passing the tiller
from one hand to the other, and also changing the hand
you use for the mainsheet. You can let go of the mainsheet, but don't drop the tiller.
Facing backwards makes it easier to pass the tiller from one hand to another, although
facing forwards lets you watch where you're going.
Telltales
are yarn streamers attached to the shrouds and jib. The
shroud telltales
(on
the wires that hold up the mast) are useful for judging the direction of the wind
blowing across the boat.
The
jib telltales
(sewn through the jib) provide a sensitive indication of sail trim.
When both jib telltales stream back, the jib is at the proper angle to the wind for
maximum lift. When the windward (near) telltale flutters, the jib is starting to luff;
when the leeward (far) telltale flutters, the jib is starting to stall.
If you are
hiked out
(sitting out on the rail above the seat to balance the boat in strong
wind) before the come about, fold the hiking stick as you come into the boat, and hold
both the hiking stick and tiller together as you cross. When you get up on the rail on
the other side, you can unfold the hiking stick again.
*
also called apparent wind, since it is influenced by the boat's speed.
SAILING THE LIDO
The maneuvers described below--leaving the dock, coming about, jibing, sailing in
small circles, sailing backwards, righting after a capsize, anchoring, and docking--
involve skills that are absolutely necessary to safely handle a small boat. For this
reason, they are included in a Junior Skipper sailing test.
Always check with your crew before coming about. Call out
"Ready about?"
and
wait for their "Ready" signal before beginning; then call out
"Helm's a-lee!"
or
"Coming About!"
as you actually head up.
Also, be sure to check for windsurfers or other boats that may collide with you when
you come about.
The maneuvers can be done in different ways, and not all the possible ways to do
them are described below. Also described below are how to deal with groundings
The crew should
release the jib
when it starts to luff, and let the wind carry it across
to the other side, then
bring the jib in
when it starts to fill on the other tack.
5
6
 Heaving To
Heaving to is used to stabilize the boat for offshore picnics, changing drivers out on
the water, or bailing out the boat. It is done like a come about, but the jib is left in
place while letting the mainsail out completely and gradually swinging the tiller to the
leeward (downwind) side of the boat as you slow down.
you are in the center of the boat, be prepared to move quickly to balance the boat after
the jibe.
Once the boat is on a run, your body should be between the tiller and the sail. The
tiller can be rested against your hip, butt, or leg (depending on which way you're
facing), so you can steer by pushing on the tiller. Both hands are then freed to pull in
the mainsheet. When the boom is in over the boat, grab the tiller and steer to cause
the jibe (tiller away from the sail), while holding the mainsheet with the other hand.
Don't let go of the tiller!
Heaving to can also be used to allow a person fallen overboard to swim back to the
boat. If done immediately, heaving to keeps the boat fairly close.
Jibing
To jibe safely, you bring the mainsail in when the
boat is on a run, then turn slightly so the wind
catches its other side, and let it swing out onto
the other side of the boat. By manually bringing
the sail partway across, you prevent its sweeping
violently across the boat and possibly injuring
someone who may be standing up.
Fall Off to
Dead Run
You can tell when the jibe is about to happen because the mainsheet goes slack.
In heavy wind and waves, try to pull in the boom just as a wave passes underneath the
boat, and jibe just as the next wave passes underneath. When the boat is moving
fastest, the force on the sail is least.
Wind
Pull in Sail
Wind
Fall Off
Steer and
Flip Sail
Close
Hauled
You must be ready to use your weight and
steering to prevent a capsize. The boat must be
balanced with the mast straight upright, or it may
turn unintentionally. After the jibe, you may
have to hike out and pull hard on the tiller to
prevent a spinout and tipover capsize.
Buoy
Come
About
Jibe
Balance
and Steer
Close
Hauled
Head
Up
You can jibe facing backward or forward. If facing backward, you pull in the sail
using the mainsheet near the transom, while facing forward you use the mainsheet
near the cleat. Whichever way you face, you should not be handling the mainsheet
overhead or behind your back, where you could get entangled.
Circles Around a Buoy
Sailing in a small circle around a buoy requires that you come about and jibe quickly,
just as you may need to do to avoid collisions.
Never start a jibe without warning the crew, since they could get their skull cracked
by the boom swinging across, or their nose skinned by the boom vang. You should
also remember to stay low during the jibe, lest the boom tell you how it got its name.
Call out
prepare to jibe
before starting a jibe, and
jibe ho
(or
DUCK!!
) as the boom
starts to cross.
The figure shows the steps involved in sailing a small circle. The come about and jibe
occur when the buoy, as seen from the boat, is 90 degrees away from the wind
direction. The circle has a corner because you have to hold a close hauled course
before and after coming about.
Steering While Drifting Backwards
Steering while the Lido drifts backwards is required to leave a crowded dock, and can
be useful to recover control if you stop while coming about. As mentioned before,
it’s difficult to steer while drifting backwards if the centerboard is not fully down.
Before jibing, you must fall off (tiller away from the sail) toward a dead run. While
on a broad reach, your weight may be needed to balance the boat, but as soon as you
reach a run, you may need to move to the center of the boat.
Always move to the center of the boat or the same side as the sail before jibing. If
When the boat is drifting backwards, the tiller works the opposite way
compared to
7
8
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